Against School: A Corrupted System

The educational systems purpose is to prepare people with the necessary skills and knowledge so that they can excel and function properly in today’s society. John T. Gatto challenges that idea and begs the question is 12 compulsory years of standard schooling consisting of six classes a day, five days a week, nine months a year needed? Gatto refers to George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln as they were not formally schooled and yet were very successful. According to Gatto’s, there are three main purposes to formal schooling, â€Å"1) To make good people, 2) To make good citizens, and 3) to make each person his or her best. † (Gatto 3) Gatto believes that the current educational system actually contradicts these three ideals. He claims that there are six basic yet specific functions that intend to hold back and limit the progress and overall success of a student. Of the six functions there are three serve specifically to limit and hinder a students progress. The diagnostic and directive functions, the differentiating function, and the propaedeutic function all seemingly serve to cripple a students success but when analyzed some do hold some truth but in the end they are merely irrational and ridiculous accusations made by Gatto. The diagnostic and directive functions are defined as a litmus test to test where a particular student â€Å"fits† in society based on grade percentages. These percentages are logged and stored permanently in our student records which are then passed on the post secondary schools to place students in their â€Å"proper societal roles† (4). During my freshman and sophomore years in high school I can not help but remember teachers classifying â€Å"ap† students and high academic achievers as those who were going to be â€Å"successful†. My math teacher often referred to more difficult questions as the â€Å"doctor† or â€Å"lawyer† question in an attempt to scale the difficultly of the question. What if one can not do the question? Does that mean that person should be classified as remedial or can not attain the success of a doctor or lawyer? Of course not, the simple idea of that is completely irrational. However, once reassessing and making them less extreme, Gatto’s diagnostic and directive functions can be found anywhere in the academic system whether it be perquisite knowledge for grade twelve programs or university entrance. While this function may seem absurd, Gatto’s differentiating function is one that can be related to actual everyday life. The differentiating function is a more practical function. It states that, â€Å"once a student’s role has been â€Å"diagnosed† through standardized testing, they are to be sorted by role, and trained only so far as their destination in the social machine merits. † (5) The functions practical use is especially seen in post secondary schooling where a more refined and â€Å"specialized training† takes place. We see this in any standard entry test for a specific program such as the SAT, LSAT or MCAT. Based on a students performance on these forms of testing they are then place in their respective programs allow them to focus specifically on areas of study that are important to them. At my old high school there was a standard entry test, SSAT, that examined various categories of schooling (math, reading, writing etc†¦) Depending on how you did on the test would determine not only whether or not you are eligible for acceptance but whether or not you qualify to take ap courses, because if u do not posses the proper knowledge taking a more advanced course would be counter-productive and in fact hurt your academic career. Once one has analyzed the differentiating function there is some truth to it but when one looks at the propaedeutic function, it is completely incorrect. The propaedeutic function is completely incorrect and misleading. According to Gatto, the purpose of the propaedeutic is to create a class of â€Å"elite caretakers †¦ taught to manage this project, how to watch over and control a population deliberately dumbed down and declawed† (5) He’s saying that those who already control the population are going to educate children so that when they grow up they can control the population and train more children to do the same. At this point it seems like Gatto is trying to throw something that is completely and utterly irrational out there trying to catch people off guard and hope to attract some followers. The simple thought that people were training young children to know how to manipulate people in such a way that they simply do not challenge authority and do exactly as their told to is ridiculous. At no point in my life have I ever felt that someone or an organization is trying to limit my personal abilities to comply with this absurd function. Teachers constantly enthuse student to be all they can and achieve as high as they can, not that its ok if u cant because we already got it figured out. While other of Gatto’s functions may have held some truth this particular function is completely incorrect Gatto believes that those who control the way society runs are trying to create a norm in the educational system. That student’s are pre-destined before they are given the ample chance to excel and achieve. Gatto explains that schools traditionally have three purposes: 1) To make good people; 2) To make good citizens; 3) To make each student find some particular talents to develop as best they can. These are all fine standards but because of government schools have become prison like even in there cell block style construction. Gatto’s approach is very liberal and has opened my eyes to certain matters especially the way that educational system is poorly constructed (with it being bases on grades) and how it is mismanaged leading to sub-par performance and disappointing â€Å"success† rates. It is this poorly constructed system and a corrupted way of running it is what I think Gatto was truly trying to revile.

The terms Indianization and sinicization Essay

The terms Indianization and sinicization when used to describe certain government administrations mainly refer to the incorporation of local elements into the government. It basically means that the foreign elements of the invaders or other foreign powers are gradually replaced by the indigenous peoples. This process can be used for any race or culture. Indianization and sinicization can therefore be considered as terms that can be used to describe a certain change in the composition of any administrative or government organization that has been established or controlled by any foreign or external power in favor of the local population. In response to this question, sinicization would refer to the process of becoming more Chinese. As a product of social science thinking, this refers to the assimilation of the non-Han Chinese people (Manchus) into the identity of the modern day Chinese. While it has been widely criticized as being a phenomenon which is not strictly cultural, it has been used widely enough to describe the event that occurs when local government administrations controlled by foreign powers are slowly handed over to the local groups. Indianization, on the other hand, refers more specifically to the process by which the British Empire, under control of the British Raj, gradually promoted Indian Officers to higher ranks within the British government in India. These positions, which were traditionally held only by Europeans, were now made accessible to the Indian officers under this movement. This process was introduced in the 1920s but was discontinued during World War 2. 2. What developments in Southern Song China resemble the Industrial Revolution of the West? Why were the emperors during the Song period so successful when their predecessors were not? The developments in Southern Song closely resemble the Industrial Revolution of the West due to the massive shipbuilding, harbor constructions and weaponry development that occurred during this era. After the Southern Song had been weakened and pushed along the Huai River, they were forced to find new ways by which to solidify their economy. Aside from the threat from the Jin Dynasty, the Southern Song also felt that they had to strengthen their defenses and as such, with the aid of Yue Fei and Han Shizhong, the government launched its initiative to improve its maritime interests. It was also during this period that trade greatly flourished due to the improvement of the local harbors, and warehouses that were able to accommodate international trade. This also led to the establishment of a permanent Navy that featured swift paddle-wheel sea-craft. The success of the emperors during the Song period was largely due to the fact that they were able to increase commerce and control the people through a strong central government. During the Song period, there was a growth in the arts and education as well. Another key to the success of the emperors of Southern Song was the military power that it was able to amass due to the modifications that were made to the weaponry since the discovery of gunpowder. Not only did this provide an advantage against the Jin Dynasty, it also allowed for the protection of the Song Dynasty from invaders from the sea. This combination of the improvements in commerce, defense and education allowed the emperors of the Song Dynasty to succeed in unifying China under a single rule. 3. What combination of Mongol attributes and Song weaknesses made the Mongol conquest successful? Please analyze it detail The success of the Mongol conquest was predicated upon the fact that the Song had already become weak due to the battles that it had waged against the Jin Dynasty. While the Song Dynasty was busy fighting the Jin Dynasty along the Yangtze River in 1161, the Mongols were slowly mobilizing their forces and creeping towards the northern regions. After the Song Dynasty held back the Jin Dynasty, the Mongols, who were then led by Genghis Khan, entered China and invaded the Jin Dynasty. The effect of the large raids that the Mongols had due to the military prowess they possessed on land soon led to the amassing of a large Mongol force in China. By 1276, most of the Song territory had now been controlled by the Mongols. This dominance over the Jin and Song Dynasties was made possible by the fact that these dynasties were not able to match up with the land forces that the Mongols possessed. While there were advancements in weaponry that occurred during this time, the Song army was much too inflexible to deal with the attacks of the Mongols. The versatility and swiftness of the attacks of Genghis Khan and his Mongol hordes made it impossible for the Song Dynasty to sustain any viable and successful counterattack. Factored with the fact that most of the spending on the military was used to upgrade the Southern Harbors and the Navy, the conquest by the Mongols became all the easier. Therefore, the combination of the land military strength of the Mongols and the weakness of the Song military enabled the Mongols to totally wipe out the Song Dynasty by 1279. 4. Why did Chinese culture become so popular and accepted in Japan? What are the major differences and similarities between the Chinese and Japanese culture. The influx of Chinese culture in Japan began with the introduction of Buddhist practices. During the Asuka period, Buddhism was introduced to Japan by Baekje. It was during this same perioed that Prince Shotoku also introduced the Chinese Culture. The seventeen-article constitution that was introduced during this era by the Prince greatly influenced the Japanese ways and the culture. This seventeen-article constitution was actually a Confucian style document that embodied the teachings of the Chinese with regard to the different kinds of morals and virtues that each and every of the government officials and the emperor’s subjects were expected to possess and to practice. This adaptation of Chinese teachings and philosophies paved the way for more interaction between Japan and China. Coupled with the interest that Prince Shotoku had with the Chinese Culture, most of Japanese society soon began to accept and practice many different aspects of Chinese culture such as music, arts and food. While there is a general mistrust in the relationship that Japan has with China these days, there are still major similarities that these two cultures possess. The practices derived from the seventeen-article constitution are still widely followed and this has even spilled over into the business world. Other similarities include the influence of Chinese architecture in certain towns in Okinawa. As for the differences, the major difference lies in the respect to etiquette and rules. The Chinese tend to be more lax with respect to their practice of etiquette and respect while the Japanese strictly abide by these rules and are generally more consistent with its practice even up to the present times. 5. What impact did Buddhism have on the development of Japanese culture and lifestyles? Give examples in both art and literature where Buddhism was a major factor. Buddhism was introduced to Japan by Prince Shotoku, who is credited with being the first to realize that the Buddhist teachings were different from the other religious cults that were numerous during these times. The impact of Buddhism on Japanese Culture and Lifestyles can basically be categorized in three different periods, the Nara, the Heian and the Kamakura. It was during the Nara period that the Japanese attempted to incorporate Buddhist teachings into local practices. In an attempt to improve the welfare of the state, a number of officials put the Buddhist teachings into practice. These were called the â€Å"Six Schools of Nara Buddhism. † The Heian period marked the progress of Buddhism as a practice reserved for the government into a practice that was now available to the people. The teachings given by Saicho and Kukai allowed for a deeper understanding of the Buddhist practices. Soon after, the Tendai School was formed and this was opened to the public. It was also during this period that concrete examples of the influence of Buddhism began to appear as in the relationship between Buddhism and that of the Shinto Pantheon. The Kamakura period was the height of the influence of Buddhism and its influence was reflected in much of the culture and arts that were produced during this era. Soon after, the Soto and Jodo Shinshu schools were formed during the Meji era and these became totally integrated as essential practices of Japanese life and culture. 6. How did a Japanese emperor differ from the Chinese emperor? Which would you consider more superior and why? The Japanese Emperor is different from the Chinese Emperor on many levels. For one thing, the Japanese Emperor is not considered as the Emperor of the entire civilized world but rather just the head of the entire Japanese empire. Today’s role for the Japanese Emperor has shrunk greatly from the role that he played since the title of Emperor was bestowed in the 6th century. The power, however, that the Japanese Emperor possessed enabled him, as the Supreme Sovereign, to own any piece of land that he desired within the empire and also allowed him complete control over the government officials and subjects. This power was curtailed during the Meiji restoration and is now just limited by the constitution. The Chinese Emperor is quite different and may perhaps be considered as the more powerful emperor due to the traditional belief that the Chinese Emperor was the â€Å"Son of Heaven. † As the absolute ruler of the entire civilized world, the Emperor of China could control any matter that he desired even if it was very minute. He was not considered merely the ruler of a single state but was considered as the only legitimate ruler of the entire world. Since the authority of the Chinese Emperor was derived from the heavens, the words and orders that were issued by the Chinese Emperor were called sacred edicts or â€Å"directive from Heaven. † The emperor had no equal and even the closest of family members had to address the Chinese Emperor with the utmost formality and respect. In practice, however, the power of the Chinese Emperor was held by the chancellors or regents that were appointed to attend to the other matters with regard to the administration and policies of the country. 7. What characteristics of the nomadic peoples made them `barbaric` to the civilizations of India and China? What characteristics of the nomadic peoples would you consider to be strengths? The main characteristics of the Nomadic people that made them seem â€Å"barbaric† to the established and flourishing civilizations of India and China comes from the fact that these people had no fixed settlements. Their nature as nomadic settlers and pillagers was abhorrent to the advanced cultures of India and China. The absence of any central infrastructure of power and of established religions made the nomads seem barbaric by the standards of the Chinese and the Indian civilizations. Another factor which led the Indians and the Chinese to consider the Nomads as barbaric was the culture that these people had. The lifestyles and even the warfare methods that these people employed was primitive, to say the least. The main source of food for these people came from pillaging, hunting and gathering what they could. This was unlike that of the Indians and Chinese who had learned how to cultivate and domesticate. One advantage that the Nomads had, aside from their foraging, hunting and survival skills, was their advantage in warfare. While India and China had the technological advantage, the Nomads were flexible and could adapt to all types of terrain. These Nomads soon became masters of the chariot and had also learned how to utilize certain weapons such as bows and arrows. This made them a very serious threat against any army that either India or China had at this point in history. 8. When did the Mughal dynasty rule India. What achievements occurred during this dynasty? What led to the decline of Mughal rule in India? The Mughal Dynasty was one of the most influential of all dynasties to rule India. Controlling the Indian subcontinent from the early sixteenth century until the early nineteenth century, the Mughal dynasty was widely considered as the pinnacle of the Indian Empire where it was said to have reached its greatest area under one of the Mughal emperors, Aurangzeb. There are many achievements of the Mughal Empire. Some of these include the efforts to unify the Hindus and the Muslims into one single Indian state. At the peak of the Mughal Empire, the population that it ruled over was at over 130 million people. This was over a territory that was estimated to be nearly 1. 5 million square miles. It was also during this period that the government of India was changed and made more centralized to consolidate the power that the emperor had. While the Mughal Empire had reached its peak during the reign of Aurangzeb from 1658 to 1707, it was also during this time that it declined. The intolerant rule that characterized the leadership of Aurangzeb was one of the greatest reasons for the collapse of the Mughal Empire. The pressure that was exerted by the rivalries that began to sprout up and the dynastic warfare that was waged as well as the invasion in 1739 of regions in Northern India all added up to lead to the collapse of what was once a great Indian Empire. 9. Ironically, while Europeans later fought wars over control of the sea routes in the Asian region, China abandoned its dominant position. Why did the Ming court decide to end the maritime voyages of Zheng He just as China reached domination of the Asian seas? Was this a poor decision or one that strengthened China? Please explain. The decision of the Ming Court to end the maritime voyages of Zheng He were borne from the fact that there was an internal conflict in court. Upon the succession of the Hongxi Emperor, there was an order to suspend the trips of Zheng He due to the influence that he had begun to exert upon the court. With the support of certain high ranking Chinese Officials, a policy was soon passed that prohibited the contact with people who were regarded as barbarians. While not directly referring to Zheng He, it was clear that this edict was meant to curtail the trips that he had with people the Chinese considered as having no benefit to China. Another factor that led to this decision was the fact that during this time China was also under siege by the Mongols. The mounting costs for the military that was needed to repel these attacks diverted much of the funds that were needed for the treasure ships that Zheng He controlled. Finally, with the construction of the Great Wall of China, there was not enough funding for Zheng He to go on his trips. This move led to a power vacuum in the Indian Ocean and left the Chinese control over this area vulnerable to other countries. In the end, this movement left China with no clear dominance over sea trade in the area. This also led to the shrinking military control that China had in the Indian Ocean. Since the attention of China was diverted from these sea conquests, there was no more funding that was needed to maintain the stronghold and dominance that it once had. 10. Who founded the Ming Dynasty and what were main characteristics of rule during this period? What were the major achievements of the Ming Dynasty? What is meant by saying that the `sprouts of capitalism` can be found in the Ming Dynasty? The Ming Dynasty is known as the last dynasty that was controlled by the Hans, who are considered as the main Chinese ethnic group. Ruling from 1368 to 1644, this was also considered as one of the greatest Empires of China. It was during this same period that China was able to create a vast naval force and also to amass a standing army of over one million infantry troops. The growth and prosperity that China experienced at this time due to the maritime explorations of Zheng He were also noteworthy. This was also the same time that China began ambitious construction projects such as the Great Wall of China and the Forbidden City. It has been reported that the growth was spectacular during this era as China’s population reached nearly two hundred million people. Other major achievements of the Ming Dynasty include the creation of self-sufficient communities allowed China to grow even more during this time. A new class also emerged and was called the scholarly gentry class who had an impact on the traditional methods in Chinese Society. The â€Å"Sprouts of Capitalism† was sown by these seeds and also the increased maritime trade that China now had with the Portuguese and Spanish empires. China soon took advantage of the new global market that had emerged and was soon trading in numerous commodities with countries all over the world. The growth of trade and the establishment of international trading routes also prompted what is now considered as the â€Å"Sprouts of Capitalism. †

Civil Rights Movements

Who Is It? Throughout the Civil Rights Movement, Martin Luther King Jr. played a crucial role in organizing many nonviolent events such as the March on Washington and Selma to Montgomery March. These events eventually influenced the Congress to pass both the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. also led to dramatic impacts on later laws. Martin Luther King Jr. s the main reason why the 1960s US Civil Rights Movement succeeded, as he fought against de jure segregation and led to the changing of laws; however, this is justified only to a great extent, for he contributed little to social activism. Martin Luther King Jr. successfully influenced many government reforms through the act of nonviolence during the Civil Rights Movement.He was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, a nonprofit organization aiming to redeem â€Å"the soul of America† through nonviolent resistance. In 19 63, Martin Luther King Jr. ed a nonviolent campaign aimed at Birmingham, Alabama, which was known as the one of the most segregated city in the United States during that time. During this campaign, Martin Luther King Jr. advocated nonviolence in â€Å"Letter From a Birmingham Jail†. Later on, the SCLC decided to use young children in demonstrations. However, more than 1,000 children were attacked by police troops. The images of children being assaulted by dogs and water hoses were captured by photographers, which led to a â€Å"national outrage resulting in a push for unprecedented civil rights legislation†.This event drew attention to segregations in the South, and promoted sympathy for civil rights protestors across the nation. Over the next few years, Martin Luther King Jr. organized the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in and the Selma to Montgomery March. During the March on Washington, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered the famous â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech. This march was a success-   the speech cemented Martin Luther King's â€Å"status as a social change leader†, helped inspire people to act on civil rights, and publicized the US Civil Rights Movement across the world.This event also led to the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, an act that banned all forms of discrimination. The next year, Martin Luther King Jr. organized the Selma to Montgomery March to fight against African American disenfranchisement. Following the march, the Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that got rid of the remaining obstacles to voting for African-Americans. By organizing nonviolent marches and campaigns, Martin Luther King Jr. was successful in motivating the passing of important laws that improved problems caused by segregation.The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the major reasons that led to the Civil Rights Act of 1968. Before the act was passed, white people used segregate against minority groups by forming restrictive covenants and practicing gerrymandering. After Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on April 4th, 1968, riots erupted over the nation. President Lyndon B. Johnson called on the Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1968, hoping to stop the riots and pacify angry protesters. This act banned all forms of discrimination in housing sales and rentals. Martin Luther King Jr. as able to influence several acts passed by Congress even after he died, which proves that he is a major reason why the US Civil Rights Movement was successful. Despite Martin Luther King's efforts to fight against de jure segregation, he contributed little to ending de facto segregation. Malcolm X, an African American who also played a key role during the Civil Rights Movement, had different a different way to fight against segregation. He promoted active resistance and violence. As James Cone, the author of Martin & Malcolm & America says, â€Å"Before Malcolm came along, we were all N egroes. After Malcolm, he helped us become black†.Malcolm X taught African Americans to be proud of their heritage, and changed how black people thought about themselves. Several of his followers gathered together and formed the Black Panther Party, and organization that had the same objectives as Martin Luther King Jr, but were willing to use violence to solve the problem. By promoting black power and increasing black voter registrations and Afrocentrism, Malcolm X was able to build confidence in blacks and encourage them to take pride in their African heritage, which shows that he contributed to the success of the US Civil Rights Movement as well.Overall, Martin Luther King Jr. was a major reason for the success of the US Civil Rights Movement. He organized campaigns and marches that inspired people to take action, and influenced the Congress to pass important acts. His death led to the Civil Rights Act of 1968 as well. However, he wasn't the only one who made all of this po ssible. Malcolm X and encourage blacks to be proud of their African heritage, and increased black voter registrations. Thus, Martin Luther King Jr. is the main reason why the 1960s US Civil Rights Movement succeeded, yet this is justified only to a great extent.

Analyze the Running Case on page 331 of the textbook, The Recreation Essay

Analyze the Running Case on page 331 of the textbook, The Recreation and Wellness Intranet Project - Essay Example In order to achieve all these, many organizations have created disease management programs and health maintenance programs to improve well-being within the organization (John Bates, 2008). Other programs like mental health have been adopted as part of health promotion programs, and these have to reduce depression, stress, and muscle strain greatly. Many companies that have adopted these have enjoyed employees with less behavioral problems and reduced suicide rates among their employees as compared to companies that have not adopted this program. The program also have been of benefit to families since extensive management of stress has resulted in lower domestic hostility and reduced child abuse as well as reduced spouse abuse. Most companies that have comprehensively addressed health and safety measures in their work environment have experienced decreased injuries while working hours. Thus, only a few workers are compensated, and this reduces companies health care cost. Health and safety measures have also reduced the number of disabilities and even death in the workplace especially machine operators. Recreation and wellness program for general health in workplace show employees that they are recognized and the employer is concerned about their health. It assures them that their well being is of importance to the organization. Employees must enjoy the program because it helps them get healthier, lose weight and lower cholesterol level and lower blood pressure. I help you sleep well and utmost save money that you could have rather used for drugs. In addition, on the other hand, the wellness and recreation programs can build a sense of friendship among co-workers. It happens since one has a chance to experience outdoor activities like volleyball program, soccer program, walking program, table tennis program and even going to the gym. By positively

Summary of the Chapter Marxist Worldviews Assignment - 1

Summary of the Chapter Marxist Worldviews - Assignment Example The main reason why Karl Marx was opposed to Capitalism as an economic system was that capitalism, for him, alienates the laborers (the producers) from what they produce. What this means in essence is that since in a capitalist economic system the means of production are owned by a few people (the bourgeoisie), the labourers receive only an insignificant share of the profit that results from their work, and for this reason Marx argued that capitalism alienates the labourers by underpaying them and by denying them a chance to be part of the profit that is made from their labour. As a remedy to the unjust and the flawed economic system, Karl Marx proposed his own economic system that he was deeply convinced that its adoption and implementation would render justice to the poor, thus ensuring that there is peace in the society. Marx proposed Communism as his ideal economic system. In his development of Communism as an economic theory, Marx was influenced by both Hegel and Engels. Marx ad opted Hegel’s idea that the history of the world proceeds in a dialectic process. Marx, however, differed with Hegel in that, while Hegel had explained the history of the world in terms of the dialectic movement of ideas, Marx explained the history of the world in terms of the dialectic movement of material things, hence, Marx’s account of history is known as dialectic materialism. On the other hand, Marx took Engel’s idea that the laborers are alienated from their work in a capitalist society. In his account of the history of the world, Marx saw the thesis of the history as the status quo economic system, the antithesis of the status quo economic system comes about when there is the conflict between the owners of the means of production in the prevailing economic system and the laborers. The conflict between the owners of production and the laborers who are opposed to the economic system give rise to a synthesis, which is a new economic system.

Register Nurse interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Register Nurse interview - Essay Example According to the RN, the use of interpersonal communication in the nursing practice takes into account the personality and character traits of the communicating parties. Communicators, the message, feedback, context, and channel (West & Turner, 2007) are the elements that the RN attributed to interpersonal communication process. The use of these elements in the nursing practice allows information to be collected and given relative to the underlying need, issue, or concern between the registered nurse and the patient/client. In my future career as a registered nurse, interpersonal communication will be expected to enhance my duty and responsibility discharge. Interpersonal communication will essentially enhance attitude and behavior influence, maintain professional relationships in the nursing setting, enable personal expression and understanding of nursing needs, foster emotional support, enhance decision making and problem solving, and regulate power (Bach & Grant, 2011). In the light of the aforementioned expectations, my career as a registered nurse stands a chance to be effective and efficient. The interview was an eye-opener to what is expected of me in the nursing

Capital Budgeting and Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Capital Budgeting and Business Ethics - Essay Example The above-detailed case is an illuminating example for this. The financial management was experiencing the difficulty of how to obey governments rule and follow business ethics whereas how to deal with the inventory in a way that is the best interest of the shareholders. Financial management is expected to evaluate a number of factors in making capital investment decisions. They need to estimate how much is the future cash flows of the firm and how it will change if it invests in a project, but more specifically, the management has to evaluate and foresee the uncertainty associated with these future cash flows (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2002, p. 4). In capital budgeting, the financial management is primarily responsible for searching for the best alternatives, just as with zero-based budgeting, so as to avoid any likely risks (Finkler and McHugh, 2008, p. 246). It is thus the fundamental responsibility of the financial managers in capital budgeting to study and assess whether there can be any legal, economic and financial troubles in carrying in the business in the future and to find best alternatives from many options it has. The financial management, especially in order to ensure that they could save the interests of the shareholders, must evaluate the projects even after it has started manufacturing or marketing of the particular products. In the case detailed above - fire-retardant pajamas- the financial management has to evaluate that this can be a risky project due to its contents that are carcinogens, and therefore over-production can result in greater risks. There must be a proper mechanism in the capital budgeting so that it can avoid complaints of individuals that things are not done the way they should be done.  

Do the requirements of IFRS 8 Operating Segments enhance the quality Essay

Do the requirements of IFRS 8 Operating Segments enhance the quality of information available to financial statement users - Essay Example The other purpose of such statements is to assist the stakeholders in decision making, regarding how to invest in the future, as these statements are a presumed to be a true reflection of the market value of the business organization as a whole. Financial statement users (stakeholders) have different interests and concerns regarding the financial statements of an organization. At this juncture, though, it is worth mentioning that financial statements are made up of statements of financial position, statements of comprehensive income, directors’ statements and statements of cash flows (Melta & Ankarath, 2010, pp. 200-413). The information provided in these statements work to serve different stakeholders in different ways. For example, the government is majorly interested in finding out the gross profit of an organization from a trading period, for the purposes of taxation. Shareholders on the other hand are interested due to what they expect from the organization in form of dividends. The other important financial statement users are potential investors, who are interested in knowing the true (market) value of any given business organization before deciding to invest their money in the same. These financial statements , for most of the organization especially public entities, are made public so as to enable the general public in addition to the stakeholders to have a look at the same. As much as this information is usually provided by the management, there has been a general feeling among stakeholders and business experts alike, that the information provided is always not sufficient to assist in decision making. According to many, the information provided is normally shallow, and contain approximations and assumptions that the financial statement users are not aware of. This usually leads to poor decision making that is influenced by an error of judgment, if not

It is not good to make friends relying on the social networking Annotated Bibliography

It is not good to make friends relying on the social networking - Annotated Bibliography Example Their irresistible need to chat and connect with their friends and peers makes use of this site all-consuming. To other students using facebook, there is often a false sense of privacy whereby students post embarrassing, denigrating, hurtful and humiliating content in text, videos and photos. The journal indicates that nothing is private online, especially in the social networks. Students have been expelled from schools; others have been sued and denied admission to intern programs all because of the content they post in their â€Å"private† facebook accounts. It is therefore, not advisable to make friends relying on the social networks because of the widely recognized negative effects it has, example, hacking of accounts, stalking people, being involved with several unknown people as well as getting deprived of the real life. Maria Kalpidou is the head of psychology department of the Assumption College. This article is a copyright of Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking is the property of Mary Ann Liebert. According to Kalpidou et al., online social networking sites have achieved popularity among students of the college. Creation of facebook has revolutionized social behaviors and networking practices among the college students. In literature, the average amount of time spent on facebook ranges from one hour to two hours daily. Since it appears to be the preferred approach to networking among students of the college, little research has been done on its relationship with psychological well-being. Kalpidou et al. investigated the relationship between facebook and social adjustment, as well as a negative relationship between facebook, emotional adjustment and self-esteem among the first year and upper class students. After the examination, first year students were found to spend more time on facebook and had strong emotional connection as they reported fewer friends than the upper class students did. It was evident that the number of

A view from the Bridge Essay Example for Free

A view from the Bridge Essay Eddie could not, but Marco lifted the chair by one leg and held it above Eddies head. From that point on Eddies relationships with all of the family, including the immigrants, became very tense. The first climax of this argument comes shortly after the start of Act Two, when Eddie comes back to the flat, unsteady, drunk, Catherine and Rodolpho come out of the bedroom, her rearranging her dress. Eddie realising what has happened orders Rodolpho to, Pack it up. Go ahead. Get your stuff and get outa here. When Catherine attempts to follow Rodolpho, Eddie becomes angrier, grabbing her and kissing her on the mouth as if to stamp ownership on her in front of Rodolpho. Then he is so angry that he kisses Rodolpho as well, as if to emasculate him. The second and final climax comes at the end of the play. Eddie has become so obsessed with Catherine that he phones the Immigration Authorities in order to stop her marrying Rodolpho. As a result of this Marco, Rodolpho and the Liparis two immigrants are captured. On the way out of the house Marco spits in Eddies face, shouting, That one! He killed my children! Eddie for the last part of the play becomes preoccupied with getting his name back having been shamed in front of members of his local community. In the end he dies for his name and reputation at Marcos hands. Eddies relationship with Beatrice is strained and rocky, it is obviously breaking down and continues to do so through the duration of the play. Beatrice asks Eddie, When am I gonna be a wife again, Eddie its almost three months you dont feel good. She is referring to the fact that they have not slept together for three months another sign of a disintegrating marriage. They also disagree on the subject of Catherine and Rodolpho. Beatrice believes that they should have their freedom, Eddie believes that they should not go out and that Catherine should live with them, seemingly for ever. This disagreement renders their relationship fraught with problems and arguments. Their relationship has disintegrated totally by the end of the play, but at Eddies death he seems to apologise, saying simply, My B.! The most pathetic element of Eddies death is that he himself caused it. He created all the problems that started all the arguments with the immigrants; he phoned the Immigration Authorities resulting in his final confrontation with Marco; he even drew the knife that killed him in order to kill Marco with it. The fact that Alfieri refers to: seeing every step coming, step after step, like a dark figure walking down a hall towards a certain door. I knew where he was headed for, I knew where he was going to end. shows that he had a fate or destiny and the way he was going there was no way of avoiding it, he was going to die as a result of this quarrel. At the end of the book Alfieri makes a striking comment that helps you to feel sympathy for Eddie, however useless the petty argument that ended his life was. He says, For he allowed himself to be wholly known and for that I think I will love him more than all my sensible clients. This shows you that however critical you may be of his character you have to be sympathetic towards him as it seems that revealing your whole character to everyone, leaving nothing unknown is one of the bravest things anyone can do, and in a way it must have been that which killed him. Eddie Carbone is a very tragic character who, through his own doing caused his death and his isolation from those around him, which evokes both criticism and pity amongst the audience. However, one must feel sympathy for him, in that he bared his soul to the world and paid the ultimate price for it. Charlotte Lambie Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a series of birth defects such as physical, mental, behavioral and learning problems caused by the mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy. Kenneth Jones and David Smith at the University of Washington in Seattle officially identified Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in 1973 (Golden 1). The exact reasons certain fetuses are affected and others are not, is not fully understood. CDC reports state that 0.2 to 1.5 per 1000 babies are born each year in the United States with alcohol related birth defects (CDC 1). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can be prevented with education. Even small changes in education and behavior can reduce the risk of women giving birth to babies with fetal alcohol syndrome. Women have been drinking for years not knowing or understanding the effects that alcohol had on their babies. Some women that drink do not even know they are pregnant and may unknowingly and unintentionally cause damage to the unborn and developing baby. Then there are the women that are addicted to alcohol. The drive can be stronger for the alcohol than for the health of herself or her unborn baby. Education, behavior modification and detoxification are areas of change needed to help with prevention of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. When alcohol is consumed it is absorbed into the mothers bloodstream and passed through the placenta and into the central nervous system of the fetus. Alcohol depresses the central nervous system of the fetus. Alcohol is a potent teratogen. A teratogen is any substance which has been proven to cause birth defects. It is not fully known if it is the alcohol or acetaldehyde, which is a breakdown product from alcohol, which causes birth defects. How the damage occurs is not completely understood, but alcohol does create a glucose and oxygen deficit for the fetus (Spong 1). There is increased risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, and birth defects in women that drink, especially in the first trimester. Also, the amount of alcohol intake can multiply the chances of these effects. The organs of the fetus begin developing between three to ten weeks. Alcohol may affect the developing organs such as the heart, brain and central nervous system. Because of the effect on the brain, alcohol can cause mental retardation. Damage to the brain can happen anytime during the pregnancy since the brain develops for all nine months and beyond birth (Belfort 2006). The effects of the alcohol can vary in range of severity and parts of the anantomy. Some babies are born with growth deficiencies due to the alcohol consumption during pregnancy. They are short in length, under weight, and have small heads (Wong). Facial abnormalities include small eye openings, drooping eyelids, skin folds across the inner corners of the eyes, a flattened or missing bridge of the nose, underdeveloped philtrum, thin upper lip, cleft lip, and cleft palate (Wong). There are major organ defects, especially of the heart such as septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, and patent ductus arteriosus (Wong). They may have problems with their respiratory system such as apnea, pulmonary hypertension and SIDS. Renal abnormalities include aplastic, dysplastic, hypoplastic kidneys, horseshoe kidneys, ureteral duplications, and hydronephrosis (Wong 844). They may have joint and limb abnormalities. Some of the skeletal abnormalities are restriction of movement, altered palmar crease pa tterns, hypoplastic nails, shortened digits, radionulnar synostosis, flexion contractures, pectus excavaum and carinatum, Klippei-Feil syndrome, hemivertebrae, and scoliosis (Fry-Johnson 42) . Malformation of the Eustachian tube, conductive hearing loss and nuerosensory hearing loss are some auditory defects. They tend to have chronic ear infections. They have a tendency to be more susceptible to infections (Wong 844). Malnutrition is a risk factor for women that drink and can lead to birth defects. Malnutrition can cause low birth weight, growth retardation, fetal damage, and is an increased risk for spontaneous abortion and stillbirth. There are several reasons for the malnutrition. First, alcoholics prefer alcohol over food therefore the intake of needed nutrients is poor. Then there is reduce absorption and metabolism of nutrients. Women that drink can be deficient in many vitamins and minerals such as vitamin B6, folic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, vitamin K, iron, magnesium and zinc. Deficiency in vitamin B6 can result in a clubfoot, cleft lip and palate. Folate acid deficiencies are related to neural tube defects and orofacial defects. Riboflavin deficiency may affect failure to grow, thrive and develop. Lack of thiamine has been found to cause heart defects. Deformities related to vitamin K deficiency are shortened fingers, cupped ears, flat nasal bridges, and underdeveloped nose, mouth and mid face. Babies that are born iron deficient are often smaller and shorter. Deficiency in zinc has been linked to impaired growth and development. Zinc deficiency has been related to lower immunity in infants and abnormalities of the nervous system that lead to learning difficulties and mental retardation (Anderson 3). According to an article by Mary J. OConnor in the American Journal of Drug and Alcohol abuse, children with fetal alcohol syndrome may show cognitive and attention deficits, increased activity levels, problems in inhibition and state regulation, perseverative behavior, and expressive language and motor problems. These problems may last into and throughout adulthood. They may have difficulties such as bonding in infants and depression in 4-6 year olds. There have been reports of depression, anxiety, psychosis, somatic complaints, delinquency, hyperactivity and sleep disorders. OConnor also reports in a study done on 473 people that were prenatally exposed to alcohol 44% were diagnosed with major depressive disorder, 40% had psychotic disorders, and 20% had bipolar disorders(Womens Health1). Studies on prenatal alcohol exposure and relation to IQ show varying severities. It was noted that some children for unknown reasons are more susceptible than others to the effects of alcohol. An a rticle in Journal of School Health by Jennifer H. Green reports on a review of studies done showing an average IQ for people with fetal alcohol syndrome at 65.73 with a range of 20-120 (Green 1). Fetal alcohol syndrome is a preventable problem. The public needs to be educated on the effects alcohol can have on an unborn child and that no amount of alcohol is safe during pregnancy. The effects from alcohol ingestion during pregnancy can range in severity and last a lifetime. Healthcare worker must educate and advise all females within childbearing years of the potential harm to the fetus. During pregnancy it is never too late to stop and reduce the risk to the fetus. Ultimately it is up to the mother to follow through with these warnings and advice. Work Citied Anderson, Mark. Historical Perspective Prenatal Nutrition and Birth Defects. Selen River Press, 2008. World Wide Web. July 24, 2008. http://www.seleneriverpress.com/media/pdf_docs/36_BirthDefectsandNutrition. Belfort, Mandy. Department of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Childrens Hospital Boston, Boston, MA. , Healthline Pregnancy Guide, February 2006 World Wide Web : July 26, 2008. http://www.healthline.com/yodocontent/pregnancy/premature-baby-brain-problems.html Center for Diease Control and Prevention.(2006) Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. World Wide Web: July 24, 2008.http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fas/fasask.htm#how Fry-Johnson, Yvonne W. M.D.(2005). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome â€Å"Its a Faith Walk†¦Ã¢â‚¬  World Wide Web: July 25, 2008. http://www.sefasrtc.org/presentations/Its%20a%20Faith%20Walk%2031705Fetal%20Alcohol%20Syndrome.pdf Golden, Janet. 2005. Message in a Bottle The Making of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Green, Jennifer H.  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: understanding the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and supporting students.Journal of School Health77.3  (March 2007):  103(6).General OneFile.  Gale.  BREVARD COUNTY LIBRARY SYSTEM.  24 July 2008 http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS. Prenatal alcohol exposure has effects far beyond fetal alcohol syndrome.Womens Health Weekly(Dec 9, 2004):  75.General OneFile.  Gale.  BREVARD COUNTY LIBRARY SYSTEM.  24 July 2008 http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS. Work Citied Spong CY (2006) Protection against Prenatal Alcohol-Induced Damage. PLoS Med 3(4): e196 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030196 Wong, Donna L., Hockenberry, Marilyn J., Perry, Shannon E., and Lowdermilk, Deitra Leonard. (2006). Maternal Child Nursing Care (3rd edition). St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier.

Mother Courage and her Children Essay -- Bertolt Brecht Plays Tragedie

Mother Courage and her Children "Mother Courage and her Children", by Bertolt Brecht, is a play which can be seen from varying perspectives. Some consider it to be a comment on the socio-economic aspects of war, others as a criticism of bourgeois capitalism intended to encourage change in modern society. The somewhat tragic events of the play enable critics to consider it a "tragedy", but one which, to some extent, diverges from the Aristotelian definition. Aristotle believed that tragedy must revolve around a central character: the "tragic hero", on whom the plot focuses and who exhibits certain characteristics, which leads to his, though in this particular case, her, downfall. The role of such a figure is pivotal to the presentation of a play as a tragedy; yet it remains largely unclear with which character within the play this identity lies: Mother Courage herself, or her daughter, Kattrin. Perhaps the most obvious potential tragic figure is the lead character within the play: Mother Courage. She demonstrates an ability to survive, through which the audience recognizes her strength of character and instinct of self-preservation. This links closely with her sense of capitalism, which she prioritizes over alternative, more virtuous qualities presented within the play, such as Swiss Cheese's honesty and Kattrin's selflessness. Mother Courage's rigid capitalist stance can be interpreted as her "tragic flaw", or "hamartia", the term Aristotle uses to describe the mistake leading to the protagonist's downfall. It is a flaw that Mother Courage consistently exhibits and a mistake which occurs thrice in the deaths of her children, as she is absent conducting business on all three occasions. However, despite her apparent detachment towards her children, it is evident that Mother Courage harbours genuine concern for the well-being of her children: in a discussion with Cook over fu ture prospects, she states, "all I'm after is (to) get meself and children through all this with my cart". In the juxtaposition created by the reluctant combination of the roles of the mother and the tradeswoman, it is perhaps foremost a tragic contradiction within Mother Courage's character, rather than her role as a tragic heroine, that is emphasized. Alternatively, this contrast could be interpreted as an indication that Mother Courage is morally "neither all good nor all bad"... ...her tragic flaw. There is a clear obstacle in Kattrin's position as a tragic heroine in that she is not the central character, making it difficult to envisage her as the true tragic heroine of the play. However, she could not realistically carry the lead role in such a play due to her muteness, as it would hinder characterization and plot development. Nevertheless, Kattrin is on stage for a considerable proportion of the play, suggesting that although she may not hold the most prominent position, she acts as a closely connected tragic antithesis to the lead role, Mother Courage. In conclusion, it could be argued that either of these two women in "Mother Courage and her Children" could be described loosely as a tragic heroine, but I believe that Kattrin displays the heroism and virtue that are required to be considered worthy of this title: Mother Courage is absorbed in a society where the possession of heroic qualities is not only impossible, but irrelevant. The combination of tragic circumstances with Brecht's "Verfremdung" technique prevents tragedy from overpowering other aspects of the play, which accounts for the difficulty in identifying a true Aristotelian tragic hero.

Berlin and Pettit: Can their accounts of liberalism be sustained when c

Laws have the capacity to infringe civil liberties however they also provide a forum for its creation and development. For Berlin, his conception of liberty is based upon the idea of positive and negative freedoms. Liberty according to Berlin is viewed as freedom from interference; therefore laws which respect our freedoms are preferable as they allow for different paths of self-actualization. Pettit however considers liberty in terms of freedom from domination and considers the role laws and democracy can play in assuring individual freedoms. In addition to considering the respective approaches of Berlin and Pettit, their theories will also be considered in relation to terrorism. By considering their respective arguments in the context of terrorism, it becomes important to conceptualize laws not in terms of those which respect or interfere with our freedom, but rather how they are able to balance the competing interests of security and individual freedoms. Considering an Appropriate Framework There are a variety of traditions which examine the relationship between the rule of law and freedom, which include Berlin’s positive and negative liberty, Republican Liberalism and concept of freedom as a Triadic relationship . Historically, liberalism has been viewed as an attempt to limit state power to preserve individual freedoms however this remains an oversimplification of liberal thought. Whilst liberal rights can be understood as the freedom to pursue individual interests, they are best considered the product of a strong liberal state and the rule of law. Therefore, when considering laws which respect or interfere with our freedoms, it may be problematic to consider them in terms of simple binaries as different laws affect... ...ewsletter of PEGS, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 9, 16-17. Pettit, P. 1993, "The Ideal of a Republic", The Newsletter of PEGS, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. pp. 9, 16-17. Putterman, T. 2006, "Berlin's Two Concepts of Liberty: A Reassessment and Revision", Polity, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 416-446. Riley, J. 2001, "Interpreting Berlin's Liberalism", The American Political Science Review, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. pp. 283-295. Sigler, J.A. 1966, "The Political Philosophy of C. Wright Mills", Science & Society, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. pp. 32-49. Stillman, R. 2003, "Too Much Negative Liberty? Too Little Positive Liberty? (Or Why Berlin's Idea All Depends on Its Cultural Context)", Administrative Theory & Praxis, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. pp. 581-583. Zedner, L. 2005, "Securing Liberty in the Face of Terror: Reflections from Criminal Justice", Journal of Law and Society, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. pp. 507-533.

Free Essay - Roller Coaster of Emotions in Kate Chopins Story of an Hour :: Story Hour essays

A Roller Coaster of Emotions in A Story of An Hour      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the short story â€Å"A Story of An Hour† by Kate Chopin, the whole range of emotions are felt by the main charter Louise Mallard.   Upon learning of her husband's death she is immediately overcome by sadness.   However, once she is alone she allows herself to experience her feelings of joy at the prospect of being free from â€Å"repression."   She is no more able to staff off the feeling that was approaching her than trying to stop the waves from hitting the shore. Basically stated we are powerless over our feelings.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, one can state that no matter how hard we try we can not keep a feeling from coming over us.   Louises' feelings come from deep within her soul. Physical exhaustion followed her first storm of grief.   At first she did not know what was coming to her.   She could not even give it a name.   When she started to recognize it, she was trying to beat it back with sheer will power. Only to find that will power is no match for the total encompassing of feelings. Once she had abandoned herself the word â€Å"free† had escaped from her lips.   She did not deliberately want it but it had come anyway.   Unmistakably, a joy over took her.   Not that she would not be sad again, but for now she was like a bird let out of the cage.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mrs. Mallard was a good example of Shakespeare's line â€Å"To Thine own self be true."   She did not allow guilt to rear it's ugly head but instead just felt her feelings.   She allowed no one to witness her self assertion.   But, it was the strongest impulse of her being.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As she was projecting spring and summer days to come, a feeling that her life would be her own again gave her a contentment that she had not felt in a long time.   No one actually knew what Mrs. Mallard had experienced behind her closed door.   Although, the human heart was meant to deal with that much pain, joy and disappointment in one day never mind one hour.   To her sister (Josephine) it would appear that she died of joy when she saw her spouse was not dead.   The truth was buried with Louise.   Tragically, what seemed to be great

Punishment in America Research Paper Essay

Abstract   Punishment in America has mainly four goals: Retribution (deserved punishment), Deterrence, Societal protection and Rehabilitation. Ultimately all this punishment are aimed at maintaining societal order, but the justification for the sentence are closely tied to the American values of justice and fairness. However the justice sought by crime victims often conflicts with the fairness to the offenders. It’s therefore important to note that while punishment in America is meant to correct the offender the effectiveness of method used on the criminal determine the outcome to correct the anomaly. Restorative justice has proved to be a new method of restoring justice among the offenders.               Ã‚  Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Punishment reflects the dominant values of particular moments in history. By the end of 1960s for example, the number of Americans who were sentenced to imprisonment decreased because of widespread commitment of rehabilitating offenders. By contrast since 1970s record numbers of offenders have been sentenced to prison because of an emphasis of imposing strong punishment for the purposes of retribution, deterrence and incapitation. At the beginning of 21st century voices are calling for addition of restorative justice as a criminal sanction. According to George and Smith, 2005, there are mainly 4 types of punishment: Retribution/Deserved punishment, Deterrence, Societal protection and Rehabilitation. Effects of the 4 Types of Punishments Retribution/Deserved punishment: Retribution is a punishment inflicted on a person who has infringed on the rights of others so deserve to be penalized. Retribution means that those who have done a particular crime should be punished alike in proportion to the gravity of the crime or the extent to which others have been made to suffer. In retribution punishment, offenders must â€Å"pay their debts†.   Some scholars claim that the desire for retribution is a basic human emotion. They maintain that if the state does not provide retributive sanctions to reflect community revolution at offensive acts, citizens will take the law into their own hands to punish offenders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Under this view the failure of government to satisfy the people’s desire for retribution could produce social chaos. Using the concept of just deserts or deserved punishment to define retribution, some theorists argue that one who infringes on the rights of others deserve to be punished. In this view, punishment should be only for the wrong inflicted and not primarily to achieve other goals such as deterrence, societal protection or rehabilitation (George and smith, 2005) Deterrence: The roots of deterrence are traced back in 18th century in England among the followers of social philosopher Jeremy Bentham. He adopted Bentham’s theory of utilitarianism, which holds that human behavior is governed by the individuals’ calculation of the benefits versus the cost of his /her acts. Before stealing money for example, potential offenders would consider the punishment that others have received for similar acts would thereby be deterred. There are two types of deterrence: general deterrence which presumes that members of the public on observing the punishment of others will conclude that the crime outweighs the benefits. For general deterrence to be effective, the public must be constantly reminded about the likelihood and severity of punishment for various acts (George and smith, 2005)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  The punishment must be severe enough to instill fear of the consequences of committing a crime. By contrast specific deterrence targets the decision and behavior of the offenders who have already been convicted. Under this approach, the amount and kind of punishment are calculated to discourage that criminal from repeating the offence. The punishment must be severe enough to cause the criminal to say â€Å"the consequence of my crime were too painful, I will not commit another crime†. The concept of deterrence has obvious difficulties (Nagin, 1998). Deterrence assumes that all people think before they act. As such deterrence does not account for people who commit crimes under the influence of drugs or alcohol or mental disorder. The effectiveness of deterrence is limited as well (Nagin, 1998). A study on deterrence effects of punishment would have to examine the impacts of different forms of criminal sanction on various potential lawbreakers. Therefore while legislation often cites deterrence as a rationale for certain sanctions, no one really knows the extent to which sentencing policies based on deterrence achieve their objective. Societal protection: This assumes that society can keep offenders from committing further crimes by detention in prison or by execution. Offenders can be confined within secure institutions and effectively prevented from committing additional harm against society for the duration of their sentence. Capital punishment is the ultimate method of societal protection. Research has suggested that a relatively small number of offenders commit a large number of violence and property crimes (George and smith, 2005). Questions arise about how to determine the length of the sentence. Presumably offenders will not be released until the state is sure that they will no longer commit crimes. Therefore the limit of this punishment is that it cannot predict accurately which offenders will commit more crime upon release. Rehabilitation: This refers to the goal of restoring a convicted offender to a constructive place in society through some form of training or therapy. Americans want to believe that offenders can be treated and resocialised in ways that allow them to lead a crime –free productive life upon release. Over the last hundred years, rehabilitation advocates have argued for techniques that they claim identify and treat the causes of criminal behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rehabilitation focuses on the offender. Its objective does not imply any consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime .according to concept of rehabilitation, offenders are treated, not punished and they are returned to the society when they are cured. Studies on the results of rehabilitation have challenged the idea that criminal offenders can be cured (Margolis, 1974). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The above methods have proved to be not too effective and the new approach to punishment is restorative justice. Restorative justice view crime as more than a violation of penal law. The criminal act practically and symbolically denies the community. This approach means that losses suffered by the crime victim are restored and the threat to the local safety is removed and the offender again becomes a fully participating member of the community. Shifting the focus to restorative justice requires a three way approach that involves the offender, the victim and the community. This approach may include mediation in which the three actors devise ways that all agree are fair and just for the offender to repair the harm done to victim and community. References George, F. C. and Smith E.G, (2005): ‘Criminal Justice in America, Criminology’, 4th Edition. Nagin, D.1998: ‘Criminal deterrence research at the onset of the twenty-first century’: crime and justice review of research, Vol. 23. Margolis, E.1974: ‘The effectiveness of rehabilitation punishment as a cure for crime’, research paper.

Compare/Contrast Works of Edgar Allan Poe Essay

Edgar Allan Poe’s view on poetry is that all poems must be a creation of beauty. In his eyes, depression and sadness is beautiful. He thinks that the death of a young beautiful woman is itself full of beauty. Poe’s way of beauty is a one of a kind compared to other poets and writers. In both â€Å"Annabel Lee† and â€Å"The Raven†, Poe writes about this so-called beauty. In â€Å"Annabel Lee†, a young man is mourning the death of a beautiful young lady. Even though the woman had died quite some time ago, the man is still in melancholy. He misses her terribly and constantly thinks of how she was she was tragically taken from him by the angels who were jealous of their love, and by her family who didn’t think the he himself was capable of bringing her to a final resting place. He loved Annabel Lee more than any other human can love another. â€Å"And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side of my darling, my life and my bride, in her sepulcher there by the sea, in her tomb by the side of the sea.† This quote shows how much this man loved her, by sleeping next to the tomb every night. In â€Å"The Raven†, a man, most likely older than the man in â€Å"Annabel Lee†, mourns the death of his love whom he called â€Å"Lenore†. Lenore, like Annabel Lee, had died several years earlier. In â€Å"The Raven†, man hears tapping on his chamber door and sees the curtains slowly swaying. He believes that it can be no other than Lenore. Unfortunately for him though, it is only but a bird. A large, black bird known as the Raven. A raven is usually symbolized as something dark and sinister. Throughout the poem, the man is tormented by his lost love, Lenore, who came back in the form of a Raven. Although the men in these two stories are similar because they both mourn for their loved ones, they are also different. The man in â€Å"The Raven† may be sad about his lost, but his love cannot compare to that of the man in â€Å"Annabel Lee†.In these two short stories, the two main characters, as mentioned before, are very much alike, yet at the same time different. They both lose the woman of their life and they both are still in mourning. Poe’s poems are  usually about such sorrow and sadness, and it is this that makes his poems beautiful.

Language Change

English Language Section B Language Change – Practise Essay 4. Texts I and J both provide advice about dancing etiquette. Text I is from How To Dance. A Complete Ball-Room and Party Guide, published 1878. Text J is from an article, ‘Dancing to Romance’, from The Boyfriend Book, a girls’ annual published in 1965. ?Referring to both texts in detail, and to relevant ideas from language study, discuss how language has changed over time. Language is a fluid and flexible phenomenon which experiences vast change on a regular basis.Theorists such as David Crystal have taken an open-minded approach to such change, explaining that â€Å"there is no predictable direction for the changes that are taking place. They are just that: changes. Not changes for the better; nor changes for the worse; just changes, sometimes going one way, sometimes another. † This statement articulates the prescriptivist view that language is an organic part of life which evolves and gr ows to suit the needs of its contextual time, just as living organisms do.Texts I and J show a distinct journey of change in the English lexicon between 1878 and 1965, ranging from graphological features through to the individual lexical choices and even the ways in which the audience of each of the texts is addressed. In exploring these texts, conclusions will be drawn as to the extent of the change that language has undergone, and what the causes, and indeed the impacts of these changes may have been. One of the most notable differences between these texts is their graphological presentation.Text I is composed in an expressly simple way, using a serif typeface which was likely to have been produced on a printing press, given that the text itself appears to have jagged edges, implying that ink had been applied to a block or stamp in order to produce the text – something uncommon to contemporary means of printing. It is also interesting to note the complete lack of images, an d the justified alignment of the text throughout. The text is not split up at all, other than into paragraphs and here is no use of italics or bold text at any point in the text. Text J, conversely, uses a graphologically complex structure, with an image to text ratio of around 1:1. Three blocks of text are accompanied by three images of men and women together, two of which display a dance scene and the last of which displays the onset of intimacy – the desired goal of the text which was written as an instructional piece, seemingly aimed at the female gender.The images supplied are directly photograph, rather than illustrations, representing the development of technology and the availability of photography cameras and digital arrangement of photographs and text to create such a publication. Text J also makes use of italicisation in order to emphasise the lexical items â€Å"those† and â€Å"your. † The use of the lexical item â€Å"those† here is a deicti c expression, implying a shared pragmatic and contextual knowledge between the producer and the reader of the text.This is echoed throughout the text, where an informal and friendly tone is adopted throughout. This is confirmed by the consistent application of elision, forming contractions of lexis such as â€Å"do not† to become â€Å"don’t†, showing the adoption of a primarily informal register. The method of address can be considered in terms of Norman Fairclough’s theory of synthetic personalisation, where first person pronouns are used to directly address the reader and indicate a kind of relationship between the writer and reader, where some shared understanding and common-ground can be found.This personalised and informal approach to writing is another area of particular development from the older text. Text I, in stark contrast to text J, adopts a formal register throughout, using latinate lexis to imply an ascendant status to the reader. This is connected to gender theories, where men are often considered to be more direct, and to write with a stronger tone of authority. Some of the lexical choices made in this text show the lexical development of language specifically, as archaic latinate terms like â€Å"effrontery† are found throughout the text.This is indicative of the broadly formal approach to this text, in opposition to the relaxed, informal approach within text J. Text I appears to adhere to the rules of the oppositional table in regard to written and spoken discourse, where a predominantly objective approach is taken, other than a single reference with the pronoun â€Å"your† is made to the reader. Other than this instance, the text remains entirely objective, referring in the third person to entities for the purpose of explanation. Text J, on the other hand, uses the interpersonal approach which is more common to spoken discourse to address its audience.In terms of the oppositional table, a further c onsideration can be made as to which side these texts sit more appropriately. This observation is made specifically in regard to the grammatical complexity of the texts, for which text I is more advanced. The use of more advanced punctuation such as the regular application of the semi-colon is exclusive to text I, where the aim is to extend the length of sentences in many places. The semi-colon is accompanied by regular use of commas, where sentences often run to such lengths that they dominate entire paragraphs.This shows the direct intention of the producer to create an undoubtedly written piece of text which was designed to be a basis of authority on a subject of which the producer holds superior knowledge to the reader. When examining text J for the same reasons, the opposing side of the table can be identified, where a grammatically simple text uses exclamatory sentences to deliver impact, and keep a short and chatty tone to convey the points at hand. Text J also uses some unus ual starters to sentences, even using conjunctions to begin not only sentences, but paragraphs too.The purpose of these texts display an underlying social and contextual development over the time between the production of each of the texts, where an audience shift from the male to the female appears to take place, showing growing levels of egalitarianism among genders. The growth of significance of the female gender in the establishment of relationships has caused the male tone to be muted somewhat, opting for a more gender-neutral tone, even in a text which was principally written for the female gender, given its contextual location of appearance.While a focus on politeness in the content of the texts remains the same, the way in which this message is conveyed has undergone vast and wide-ranging development. A growth in the status of women through social and political development has given the female gender a more equal position in the audience position of writing such as this. Fur ther to the contextual factors, the means of production of text has also undergone vast development with the advent of digital technology, increasing the ease of production of such texts, and expanding on the flexibility of presentational and graphological features.

Victoria Secret

VICTORIA SECRET MARKEITNG STRATEGY MARKET OBJECTIVES Focus on Product Strategy In order to penetrate into the Asian market, Victoria’s Secret should focus on product strategy, as the pressure for customization is high in order to offer points of difference to Asian consumers. This can be carefully managed by establishing an R&D team in Singapore to focus on the Asian market.By setting up a human engineering research centre which carries out detailed research into body shapes and sizes and other related areas such as human sensibilities and physiology, centering its research towards Asians, Victoria’s Secret could successfully tailor its products to suit the local market. Product testing and performance evaluation With new innovations, Victoria’s Secret can subsequently test its new products via its official website or a new website catered to the Asian market. This allows the company to track and analyze sales, which in turns helps to improve research.In addition , it is important to use the existing physical stores at Resorts World Sentosa and Changi Airport to showcase new products catered specially to the local market. Performance audit and brand tracking can be done to identify areas of improvement as well as testing the feasibility of the strategies used. Evaluating the performance would help Victoria’s Secret to decide if the company should continue with the geographic expansion strategy and also identify areas that may enhance its expansion efforts. Establish strong brand presence in the regionFull penetration into the Asian market can be done through setting up of physical stores in prime shopping district in the region, namely, Hong Kong, Korea, Japan, Singapore and Shanghai. Victoria’s Secret can also adopt a transnational strategy which strives to optimize the trade-offs associated with efficiency, local adaptation and learning. Local responsiveness can be maintained through periodic brand audits to ensure success in the geographic expansion strategy. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ————————————————- Target Segment: Male (Sample Size: 57) Brand AwarenessA) Brand Recall Victoria’s Secret and Triumph received the highest brand recall rate when respondents were asked to list the brand(s) of lingerie they knew. This is followed by Wacoal and La Senza. B) Brand Recognition When asked if there were aware of these brands, Victoria’s Secret and Triumph enjoy high brand recognition with 96% and 98% followed by Wacoal (68%) and La Senza(65%). C) Effectiveness of Existing Communication Channels The male respondents indicate that they know the brand through its fashion show (67%), their female (58%) and male friends (36%) and features on magazine (47%).Respondents also quoted having seen its online catalogs (24%) and physical stores (27%). However, only 24% of the respondents have seen its fa shion shows. 11% has visited the brand’s website while only 2% indicated that they own its catalogs. Brand Reponses When asked about their previous purchases, only 14% of the male respondents have purchase lingerie for their partners before. Out of these purchases, 75% were brought on impulse while 38% were for birthdays and surprise gifts. In assessing their intention to buy for their partners in the future, 68% indicated that they would buy lingerie for their partners in the future.They also indicated that they would most likely to buy for their partners as a birthday (31 respondents out of 39), anniversary (30 respondents out of 39) and surprise gifts (35 respondents out of 39). To make these purchases, 77% would head down to the stores, 54% would make their purchases online while 46% would get help from their female friends to make the purchases. Brand Resonance In assessing their loyalty to a brand, 29 out of 39 respondents indicated that they will not stick to one brand . To choose a brand, 73% would look at the design and 68% would take into account the accessibility of the stores.In addition, 51% would also look at the price of the lingerie. This indicate low brand resonance among the male respondents. Target Segment: Females (Sample Size: 74) Brand Awareness A) Brand Recall When respondents were asked to list the brand(s) of lingerie they knew, Triumph received the highest brand recall rate. This is followed by Victoria’s Secret, Wacoal, Pierre Cardin, La Senza and Calvin Klein. B) Brand Recognition When asked if there were aware of these brands, Triumph enjoys the highest brand recognition of 100%, followed by La Senza and Victoria’s Secret with 95% each.C)  Effectiveness of Existing Communication Channels 62% of the female respondents are aware of Victoria’s Secret outlet in Singapore. However, most of them know it through word-of-mouth (69%) and only 33% know it through advertisement and 7% through its campaign. Brand R eponses A)  Brand Price Perception 41% of the respondents think that a fair price for a piece of Victoria’s Secret lingerie should be within $20-$50, while 45% of them said it should be within $51-$90. B)  Brand Quality Perception The respondents believe that Victoria’s Secret provides good quality and a variety of lingerie, with a mean of 3. 4 and 3. 57 out of 5 respectively. C)  Purchase Intention 81% of the respondents do not own Victoria’s Secret lingerie with 54% of them explaining that it is too expensive and 36% indicated that they are not sure where to buy them from. However, 82% of the respondents indicated that they would consider purchasing Victoria’s Secret lingerie in the future and 63% said they would buy it for special occasion. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS The female respondents rated sexiness and confidence as the 2 most favourable associations.However, the superior and romantic image of the brand is less favourable but the result has low consistency among respondents, as shown by their high standard deviation (>0. 75). This shows that Victoria’s Secret has room for improvement in order to emerge as a favourable brand among others. Victoria’s Secret has a relatively high level of uniqueness. The association with â€Å"sexiness† scores the highest, with a mean of 4. 07, followed by â€Å"stylishness† and â€Å"confidence†. Hence, Victoria’s Secret can advertise the feeling of sexiness, confidence and stylishness as everyday essentials to reach out to a larger target market and boost its sales.Conclusion According to the findings from the survey targeted at female, the association with sexiness scored high on all three elements. This indicates that Victoria’s Secret should continue to market towards that direction. Secondly, the association with superiority and exclusiveness scored generally low on all three elements. Victoria’s Secret has to improve on these asso ciations, either through various marketing efforts or by tapping onto the stronger attributes, as they are associations that the brand aims to represent as well.

Interactional theory in Gandhi Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Interactional theory in Gandhi - Research Paper Example To understand his life, Attenborough (1982) produced and directed Gandhi. This paper analyzes the film using Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson’s (1967) Interactional Theory on communication. It aims to show that this theory helps explain Gandhi’s effectiveness as a persuasive communication expert and social transformation leader. Gandhi demonstrates an interactional view of communication because Gandhi used non-violent, non-cooperative, and peaceful communication strategies, which have been successful in attaining individual and social changes because he continuously reframed punctuations regarding the causes and resolutions to conflict. Gandhi depicts the rise of Gandhi, from being a lawyer of racial injustice in South Africa to a transformational leader in India. Attenborough (1982) showed how Gandhi started his non-violent approach to conflict management, when he realized the intensity and extent of racial discrimination against Indians in South Africa. With his friend and supporter, the rich Indian businessman Kinnoch, they and their thousands of supporters defied the Pass Law and other oppressive policies, until they changed legislation into one that improved racial equality. Gandhi returned to India, which was in a historical transition from colonial ownership to independence. Gandhi aroused the formation of nationalist organizations and used the media to gain publicity and to spread his non-violent, non-cooperative, and peaceful approach to the demand for independence from Great Britain. Interactional Theory views relationships as â€Å"patterns of interaction† (Watzlawick et al., 1967, p. 2), where every member participates in the cybernetic environment, while interacting with other systems to control their environment too. Gandhi is an effective communicator because he does not undermine the value of the press in enhancing public awareness and changing individual and social beliefs. The first rally in South Africa indicates how Gandh i saw the media as a partner in documenting non-violent actions, so that more people would join him and for the British Empire to realize the power of their numbers. Gandhi wants journalists to cover their peaceful protests because it can unite the nation. He told the reporter Walker that he â€Å"cannot unite a community† without a paper (Attenborough, 1982). He then used the media, including his own paper, to promote his views on non-violent and non-cooperative action toward resolving various conflicts. Gandhi knows the importance of connected systems to achieve widespread social changes. Interactional Theory has five axioms and the first aims to show how complex systems operate by stating that people â€Å"cannot not communicate,† so everything that is said and done is a message. Watzlawick et al. (1967) stressed: â€Å"Activity or inactivity, words or silence all have message value: they influence others and these others, in turn, cannot not respond to these commu nications and are thus themselves communicating† (p. 1). The pragmatic approach to language emphasizes the effects of actions on communication behaviors (Wayne, 1990, p.603). Gandhi shows the importance of every aspect of communication to express his strategies and to persuade people to follow his methods. His main emphasis is that violent, non-cooperative, and peaceful communication strategies can be used to attain social

Breach of Confidentiality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Breach of Confidentiality - Essay Example It is intended to make sure that a person in possession of confidential information only uses it for purposes for which it was transmitted to him in the first place. The law of confidence can - as opposed to copyright, which is only concerned with the protection of the form in which information, idea or thought is expressed - protect the content of the information, idea or thought. The main function of the law of confidentiality, or an action for breach of confidence, is the prevention of the illegitimate use of confidential information by a recipient of information. A good conceptual springboard to the understanding of the justification for the protection extended to those items which fall within the ambit of confidence, is the notion that something which people are prepared to pay for must be worth protecting and therefore ought to be protected. However, the courts will only enforce properly identified rights that fall within recognised categories known to law. Some of the items that are protected under the law of confidence are those which do not consist of any specific intellectual property rights under patent, design and copyright or even trade marks law. Traditionally, this has been classified into personal information, governmental secrets and trade secrets. (Catherine Colston and Kirsty Middleton Modern Intellectual Proprty Law 2nd Edition) Obviously, the information, in order to receive the protection of the law, must be confidential. To be such, it must not be something which is public property or knowledge. Therefore, information which is in the public domain cannot be confidential. However confidential the circumstances of communication, there can be no breach of confidence in revealing to others something which is already common knowledge. For example, an employer cannot restrain his ex-employee from revealing a secret process to his new employer if that secret process has already been patented by the employer prior to the revelation by the ex-employee, for it is by then already in the public domain (Mustad v Dosen [1963] RPC 41). All that is required, however, is relative, and not absolute (as in the case of a patent specification, where novelty is required) secrecy. The information must be information the release of which the owner believes would be injurious to him or of advantage to his rivals and others. The owner must believe the information is confidential or secret, i.e. not already in the public domain. The owner's believe must be reasonable. The information must be judged in the light of the usage and practices of the particular industry concerned. On the other hand, it is equally clear that the mere fact of the publication of information does not detract

Business environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business environment - Essay Example Markets are categorized into some various clusters. These clusters are ideal competition, dominations, monopolistic opposition and oligopolies. An economy specialist, quoting economic hypothesis, may convey a partiality to one composition centered on the results they can capitulate. The structure of every structure kind is centered on the attributes of its trade types. The traits a business will exhibit alter with the figure of firms in that meticulous market. Price management, product kinds and entry obstacles for new firms and market challenges that do not rely on price are the characteristics of any market (Antal et al., 2003, 78). The competence to manage the prices of a business’s products is termed as price management. This is a significant constituent in whichever market structure. Any firm that could gain from the merits of a domination structure has decisive price power for its products. Those in an ideal competition possess no power over their prices given that they are managed by the opposition and the customer. Oligopolies and firms in monopolistic rivalry have a few controls regarding their prices. Market structures basis is based on the number of companies and firms that are providing are identical goods or products and the variety of opposition in the market (Oden, 2000, 67). The uniqueness of market structures is at variance in numerous ways. There are many buyers and sellers in the competitive market the characteristics of the competitive market are that all of the goods offered are remarkably similar buyers/sellers accept the price that is offered by market, and firms can freely enter or exit the market. The characteristic in domination is that there is merely a single producer and seller of the monopolized products and possession of market power. Market power and control provides the monopoly the weight to direct the tenures and conditions of trades. Other attributes of monopolistic businesses are competition, and they come across elev ated barricades to the way in. These elevated barricades are portrayed as economic, lawful and purposeful. Oligopolies as well have three incredibly significant traits and these features are that they have noteworthy entry barricades, are subjugated by a tiny number of outsized companies, and are companies that trade either matching or distinguished products. While every market structure has its attributes, maximizing proceeds is the dominant worry for all but resolved by diverse measures. Maximizing proceeds, which signifies total revenue minus overall target, is a competitive company’s goal. The competitive business or company assumes the market price provided and then decides the quantity of supply required with the purpose that a sales price could be established for earnings. The dominating firm decides their price on the extent of goods to vend. The monopoly firm chooses the amount of its merchandise to create and what value to indict for it. Individual financial profit resolves the value for oligopolies. These companies locate non price competition to resist altering the charge and value of their merchandises. The productivity of each product must be capitalized to witness an exact turnover, which is the key purpose. Question Two: Market Forces Market forces refer to the relations between supply and demand

Reaction paper on the article by droogsma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reaction paper on the article by droogsma - Essay Example Their response contradicted with the unfounded perception of the Non-Muslim members. The women highlighted various significant aspects of the veil. Droogsma explains the veil to be critical in displaying one’s identity while highlighting their affiliation to the Muslim religion. However, one’s clothing may be a source of discrimination (Droogsma, 2007). The Muslim veil also served as a behavior control to Muslim women. Veiled Muslim women were less likely to behave inappropriately as opposed to their unveiled counterparts. Interviewed women admitted that the veil aided in upholding the Muslim values, such as behaving decently in the presence of members of the opposite gender (Droogsma, 2007). This aided them in earning respect from both Muslim and Non-Muslim members of the society. In my view, it is critical for the societal members to respect the Veiled Muslim members, and look into their rationale for wearing the veil. Some researchers also script biased document that tend to criminalize the veil while ignoring the opinion of the concerned Muslim women (Droogsma, 2007). Mitigation measures ought to be in place, to eliminate the discrimination of the Muslim women within the American society. However, the decision to put on the veil should be personal, and religion should compel women into putting on the

American security culture in history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American security culture in history - Essay Example Terrorism activities have been among the most life claiming catastrophes in this century. In America alone which is the world’s super power, terrorism has had an adverse effect especially after the 9/11 attacks and American citizens learnt how easy their security systems could have been bleached by the ruthless terrorist attackers. The constitution of the homeland security in 2002 was the most brilliant security measure that the United States governments could have come up with at that time in order to avert future catastrophic attacks in America. However, as the American government is exploring all available channels to stop future attacks, the terrorists are also working to ensure they exploit various weaknesses in the system and render to such attacks happening again. The task seeks to dig out several issues such as the reality of the terrorist attacks, ability to mitigate them to prevent reoccurrence and the effects on the citizens and security systems in place if they did occur. America having experienced a traumatizing encounter with terrorism, there is still suspicion and fear that other attacks can hit the American people by surprise. The fact that currently terrorists may gain access to weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear weapons, poisonous gasses, germ dispensers, and computer viruses should be a cause for alarm to security agencies in America. One of the cited loopholes that security critics feel could be exploited by aggressors is in the coordination of The Department of Homeland Security (DHS).The DHS having 22 existing agencies that report to numerous congressional committees and the nagging engagement of U.S public by the security personnel may be seen as a way of intruding their privacy. In a different context that could be seen as a success by the Homeland security but it may be a venue to be exploited by the terrorists is the fact that there has been no attack for almost 13 years

Discussion questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion questions - Coursework Example ather encourage employers to put selection system favoring women in the hiring process as an affirmative action in order to boost their participation in national building. This implies that the discrimination could be justified as a mechanism of smoothening out the employment sector on the basis of quotas and proportional presentation in the employment sector (Coral & Practising Law Institute, et al. 2009). Employment discrimination has often been responsible for enhanced equality in job placements especially in across Canada where inequality is highly integrated. However, discrimination is based upon diverse variables or grounds. Certain grounds are unacceptable while others are mutually accepted. In the Canadian province of Alberta, discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is prohibited. In particular, either gay or lesbians facing discrimination on the basis of their sexual orientation are prohibited from recourse via apt mechanisms laid down in the IRPA enabling them to subject their experiences of discrimination besides incapacitating them to uphold a legal remedy (Koral & Practising Law Institute, et al. 2009). A Canadian employer may justify the adverse implications of the procedure used in employment selection on several grounds. For instance, according to the Alberta Human Rights Act, there are exemptions to discrimination. This means that some grounds of discrimination are justifiable. In section 7 of the Act, an employer may be justified to discriminate if such discrimination is based on occupational requirement. Subsequently, section 11 justifies discrimination if such action is both ‘reasonable and permissible within the prevailing circumstances’ (Koral & Practising Law Institute, et al. 2009). In this regard, employer’s discriminatory practices demonstrate the fact that their standards do not contravene the law. To accommodate an individual to a point of undue hardship basically entails a provision under the Supreme Court of Canada